There is no real need to oppose atheistic explanations of religion with personal spiritual beliefs. There can be no doubt that psycho-social realities play out in all large human social systems. There can be no doubt that some of the critiques of religion, and explanations of religion–such as, for example, those of Emile Durkheim–have some validity. Much that happens while one happens while talking about God has nothing at all to do with God at all. This does not mean something which is most usefully and easily called “God” does not exist. They are separate question, to be separated by agile minds as needed to understand our world, and to solve concrete problems.
As I have shared from time to time, my focus in graduate school was on sacrifice. I had a particular affinity for Rene Girard, who made it his focus.
As I understand Jewish practice when the Temple still existed, one had to go there once a year with an unblemished animal, say a sheep, which in this context was understood to be innocent. Without me studying all the details of the ritual practice, I believe that a penitent–no doubt a man, perhaps with his sons–would offer up a sheep to a priest, who would ceremonially place the sins of the man on the sheep, and ask God’s forgiveness. That sheep would then be placed on a stone altar, and its throat cut. In some cases the sheep would then be placed in a ritual fire and consumed entirely by the flames. This was called a Holocaust. In other cases, I suppose, the sheep was eaten.
Now, as I have argued, much that is evil in human life comes from resonance with the predatory elements of our nervous system, the stalking, attacking, killing and ripping to pieces of food, food which was necessary for physical survival. Our world demands some life be shed that we may live. Even vegetarians take the lives of plants. Even worms live on organic materials of all sorts.
The animal nature in us lives, I believe, in the gut, in the unmyelinated vagus nerve, which touches many places, all of which can contain excessive traces of this urge to kill.
This, in turn, in my rudimentary psychophysiology, is connected to the amygdala. Big cats, when stalking prey, are highly aroused. All their nerves are awake. Their muscles are ready to pounce and kill. Once they kill, they become relaxed. Most predators feel little anxiety. They eat, then go to sleep, satiated.
And I have read that our best warriors are like this. When not deployed on a mission, they are more relaxed than most of us. They relax easily. But when deployed, they are able to be more alert, and more aroused than most of us. This was shown in Heart Rate Variability experimentation. They have higher than average HRV most of the time, and much lower than average HRV when focused on a task.
What is being placed on the sheep is sin, which is to say the sense of guilt, which is to say shame. Shame, in turn, is a complex also containing fear and aggression.
Ritual killing, like any other killing, satiates some latent predatory instinct, I would argue. The higher the levels of arousal, the more violent it needs to be.
Nearly all cultures the world over practiced some form of sacrifice, and a great many of them seem to have started with human sacrifice. In my own work in graduate school, in what amounted to my Master’s Thesis, I argued that key Vedic texts contain nearly unmistakable evidence that human sacrifice was once practiced by the Aryan ancestors of those who eventually became known as Hindus (after the river Sindhu). For example, in one of the best studied Vedic ceremonies, the Agnicayana, a number of heads have to be buried under the alter, by memory goat heads, horse heads, sheet heads, and a human head. It is not unreasonable to suppose, looking at cultural practices around the world, to suppose those were the result of sacrificial rituals. My paper was actually on another Vedic Hymn, but I don’t want to go into too much detail, not least because I can’t remember now most of it.
But the point I would make is that shame is necessary as a means of social control and restraint. It is what keeps people sociable, on the trodden track. But it is also always a source of anger and fear, and thus latent and actual aggression. It has to be regulated. There have to be safety valves. I would argue sacrifice is one of those.
Sacrifice, though, in turn, has to be seen as a necessary result of a social order in which people never rise to the level of maturity needed to control and express their own impulses in healthy and appropriate ways. It has to be seen as a result of people being enmeshed with one another psychologically, and unable to fully differentiate themselves from each other.
The solitary sage, then, would be outside the sacrificial order.
I have more to say, but my brain just got tired. I’m going to post on dogmatism, then do some Neurofeedback.